@misc{reference_1,
   ref_type = {misc},
   author = {Gary Shubinsky},
   title = {Visual & Infared Imaging for Bridge Inspection},
   year = {1994},
   user_email = {kim},
   month = {jun},
   keywords = {censsis},
   url = {http://www.iti.nwu.edu/pubs/shubin.html},
   area = {censsis},
}@book{reference_10,
   ref_type = {book},
   author = {Christos Christopoulos},
   title = {The Transmission-Line Modeling Method TLM},
   year = {1995},
   user_email = {kim},
   keywords = {censsis, electromagnetics, wave theory, modeling, transmission line, TLM},
   area = {censsis},
}@article{reference_11,
   ref_type = {article},
   author = {Hong C. Rhim and Oral Büyüköztürk},
   journal = {ACI Materials Journal},
   title = {Electromagnetic Properties of Concrete at Microwave Frequency Range},
   year = {1998},
   user_email = {kim},
   month = {may-jun},
   keywords = {censsis, electromagnetic properties, concrete, microwave imaging, nondestructive testing},
   area = {censsis},
}@article{reference_12,
   ref_type = {article},
   author = {Udaya B. Halabe and Arash Sotoodehnia and Kenneth R. Maser and Eduardo A. Kausel},
   journal = {ACI Materials Journal},
   title = {Modeling the Electromagnetic Properties of Concrete},
   year = {1993},
   user_email = {kim},
   month = {nov-dec},
   keywords = {concrete, electromagnetic properties, microwave imaging, censsis},
   area = {censsis},
}@techreport{reference_13,
   ref_type = {techreport},
   author = {Todd H. Hubing},
   title = {Survey of Numerical Electromagnetic Modeling Techniques},
   year = {1991},
   user_email = {kim},
   month = {sep},
   keywords = {censsis, modeling, numerical, electromagnetic},
   url = {http://www.emclab.umr.edu/pdf/TR91-1-001.pdf},
   area = {censsis},
}@inbook{reference_14,
   title = {Bridge Strength},
   author = {Andrzej Nowak},
   crossref = {reference_25},
   booktitle = {{Bridge Safety and Reliability}},
   chapter = {3},
   pages = {58--82},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, steel, concrete, resistance model},
   abstract = {This article presents a resistance model for girders of different materials considering moment and shear capacity.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_15,
   ref_type = {inproceedings},
   author = {N.J. Carino},
   editor = {Peter C. Chang},
   booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2001 Structures Congress & Exposition},
   title = {The Impact-Echo Method: An Overview},
   year = {2001},
   user_email = {kim},
   month = {may},
   keywords = {Impact-Echo,censsis},
   url = {http://fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build01/PDF/b01005.pdf},
   area = {censsis},
}@inbook{reference_16,
   title = {Bridge Reliability: Components and Systems},
   author = {Michel Ghosn and Dan Frangopol},
   crossref = {reference_25},
   booktitle = {{Bridge Safety and Reliability}},
   chapter = {4},
   pages = {83--112},
   keywords = {bridges, reliability, system modeling},
   abstract = {This article covers the general application of structural reliability to bridges.  It introduces systems modeling.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_67,
   title = {Some Applications of Moment Method for Structural Reliability},
   booktitle = {8th ASCE Specialty Conference on Probabilistic Mechnaics and Str
uctural Reliability},
   author = {Yan-Gang Zhao and Tetsuro Ono},
   address = {Reston, Virginia, USA},
   editor = {A. Kareem and A. Haldar and B. F. Spencer and E. A. Johnson},
   month = {jul},
   note = {This paper is available on CDROM},
   organization = {American Society of Civil Engineers},
   pages = {50},
   publisher = {ASCE},
   year = {2000},
   keywords = {system modeling},
   abstract = {This paper proposes partial safety factors to account for uncertainties.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@misc{reference_17,
   ref_type = {misc},
   title = {Impact Echo Patents},
   year = {2002},
   user_email = {lev},
   month = {Jun},
   keywords = {censsis, impact echo, IE, patents},
   url = {http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=0&f=S&l=50&TERM1=impact-echo&FIELD1=&co1=AND&TERM2=&FIELD2=&d=pall},
   area = {censsis},
}@inbook{reference_18,
   title = {Bridge Evaluation},
   author = {Fred Moses},
   crossref = {reference_25},
   booktitle = {{Bridge Safety and Reliability}},
   chapter = {5},
   pages = {113+},
   keywords = {bridges, reliability, loadings},
   abstract = {This article recognizes the uncertainty of loadings and stresses the importance of considering site specifics.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@misc{reference_19,
   ref_type = {misc},
   author = {Jeffrey J. Daniels},
   title = {Ground Penetrating Radar Fundamentals},
   year = {2000},
   user_email = {kim},
   month = {nov},
   keywords = {ground penetrating radar, gpr, censsis},
   url = {http://www.geology.ohio-state.edu/~jeff/Library/basics.pdf},
   area = {censsis},
}@misc{reference_2,
   ref_type = {misc},
   author = {Eric Landis and Michael Peterson and Scott Selleck and Surendra Shah and Zongjin Li and Alan Zdunek and David Prine},
   title = {Developments in NDE of Concrete},
   year = {1994},
   user_email = {kim},
   month = {jun},
   keywords = {censsis},
   url = {http://www.iti.nwu.edu/pubs/landis.html},
   area = {censsis},
}@techreport{reference_20,
   ref_type = {techreport},
   author = {Rexford M. Morey},
   title = {Ground Penetrating Radar for Evaluating Subsurface Conditions for Transportation Facilities},
   year = {1998},
   user_email = {kim},
   keywords = {censsis, ground penetrating radar, gpr},
   area = {censsis},
}@inproceedings{reference_21,
   ref_type = {inproceedings},
   author = {D. Huston and K. Maser and W. Weedon and P. Fuhr and C. Adam},
   editor = {F. Chang},
   booktitle = {Structural Health Monitoring},
   title = {Bridge Deck Evaluation with Ground Penetrating Radar},
   year = {1997},
   user_email = {kim},
   month = {sep},
   keywords = {censsis, bridge, gpr, ground penetrating radar, modeling},
   area = {censsis},
}@article{reference_22,
   ref_type = {article},
   author = {Udaya B. Halabe and Kenneth R. Maser and Eduardo A. Kausel},
   journal = {ACI Materials Journal},
   title = {Condition Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Structures Using Electromagnetic Waves},
   year = {1995},
   user_email = {kim},
   month = {sep-oct},
   keywords = {censsis, bridge decks, concrete, dielectric constant, microwaves, reinforcing steels},
   area = {censsis},
}@article{reference_23,
   ref_type = {article},
   author = {Kenneth R. Maser and W. M. Kim Roddis},
   journal = {Journal of Transportation Engineering},
   title = {Principles of Thermography and Radar for Bridge Deck Assessment},
   year = {1990},
   user_email = {kim},
   month = {sep-oct},
   keywords = {censsis, gpr, infrared thermography},
   area = {censsis},
}@article{reference_24,
   ref_type = {article},
   author = {Oral Büyüköztürk},
   journal = {NDT & E International },
   title = {Imaging of concrete structures },
   year = {1998},
   user_email = {kim},
   month = {aug},
   keywords = {censsis, Concrete construction, Nondestructive examination, Radiography, Computerized tomography, Thermography, Radar imaging, Acoustic imaging, Structural analysis, Radioactive computerized tomography},
   area = {censsis},
}@book{reference_25,
   ref_type = {book},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol},
   publisher = {American Society of Civil Engineers},
   title = {Bridge Safety and Reliability},
   year = {1999},
   user_email = {keary},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability},
   area = { },
}@inbook{reference_26,
   title = {Nondestructive Bridge Testing: Load Rating and Condition Rating},
   author = {Gongkang Fu},
   crossref = {reference_25},
   booktitle = {{Bridge Safety and Reliability}}, 
   chapter = {6},
   pages = {100-140},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, proof load testing},
   abstract = {This article covers proof load testing and other onsite bridge condition assessment tests.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inbook{reference_27,
   title = {Bridge Code Calibration},
   author = {Andrzej Nowak},
   crossref = {reference_25},
   booktitle = {{Bridge Safety and Reliability}},
   chapter = {7},
   pages = {150-188},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, codes},
   abstract = {This article focuses on bridge code calibration.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inbook{reference_28,
   title = {Bridge Management Systems},
   author = {George Hearn},
   crossref = {reference_25},
   booktitle = {{Bridge Safety and Reliability}},
   chapter = {8},
   pages = {189--209},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, management, deterioration, NDT},
   abstract = {This article gives an excellent overview of available bridge management systems.  It also provides deterioration rates for various bridge elements and relates condition states to NDT results.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inbook{reference_29,
   title = {Life-Cycle Cost Analysis for Bridges},
   author = {Dan Frangopol},
   crossref = {reference_25},
   booktitle = {{Bridge Safety and Reliability}},
   chapter = {9},
   pages = {210--237},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, life-cycle cost, concrete, system, ultimate state},
   abstract = {This chapter offers s whole life reliability profile for a bridge. In other words, it helps determine when a bridge should be inspected and what method should be used.  It touches on system reliability. Failure is defined in the ultimate state.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_3,
   ref_type = {inproceedings},
   author = {M Krause and O Bärmann and R Frielinghaus and F Kretzschmar and K Langenberg and C Maierhofer and J Neisecke and M Schickert and H Wiggenhauser and F Wollbold},
   editor = {G Schickert and H Wiggenhauser},
   booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Symposium Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering (NDT-CE)},
   title = {Comparison of Pulse-Echo-Methods for Testing Concrete},
   year = {1995},
   user_email = {kim},
   keywords = {censsis},
   url = {http://www.ndt.net/article/concrete/concrete.htm},
   area = {censsis},
}@article{reference_30,
   title = {Reliability-Based Life-Cycle Management of Highway Bridges},
   author = {Dan Frangopol and Jung Kong and Emhaidy Gharaibeh},
   journal = {ASCE Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering},
   month = {jan},
   number = {1},
   pages = {27--34},
   volume = {15},
   year = {2001},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, life-cycle costs},
   abstract = {This article gives a brief overview of advances in life-cycle engineering as applied to bridges and points out the necessity of inclusion of this type of research in coming up with maintainence strategies. },
   user_email = {keary},
}
@article{reference_31,
   title = {Simple Probability-Based Assessment of Bridges under Scenario Earthquakes},
   author = {Giorgio Monti and Nicola Nistico},
   journal = {ASCE Journal of Bridge Engineering},
   month = {mar},
   number = {2},
   pages = {104--114},
   volume = {7},
   year = {2002},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, concrete, seismic, ultimate state},
   abstract = {This article proposes fragility curves and hazard studies relevant to concrete bridges subject to seismic loading.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_32,
   title = {Assessing Damage and Reliability of Steel Bridges},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {John Fisher},
   address = {New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {1--16},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, steel, fatigue, corrosion},
   abstract = {This article details areas of improvement regarding bridge assessment and fatigue.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_33,
   title = {The AASHTO LRFD Design Specifications for Bridges - The Path to Adoption anmd Implementation},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {John Kulicki and Dennis Mertz},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {17--29},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, codes},
   abstract = {This article is an overview of the AASTO-LRFD bridge code.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_34,
   title = {Bridge Load and Resistance Models},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Andrzej Nowak and Maria Szerszen},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {30--41},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, load, resistance, models},
   abstract = {This paper is a compilation of different load and resistance models.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_35,
   title = {Bridge Evaluation Based on Reliability},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Fred Moses},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {42--53},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, codes},
   abstract = {This paper gives a general description of bridge reliability. It points out that the beta must evolve from being notional to actuarial.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_36,
   title = {Life-Cycle Reliability-Based Optimal Repair Planning for Highway Bridges: A Case Study},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Allen Estes and Dan Frangopol},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {54--59},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, concrete, corrosion, system modeling, ultimate state},
   abstract = {This paper presents a case study of the reliability of a concrete bridge over time.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_37,
   title = {Deterioration Modeling for Highway Bridges},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {George Hearn},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {60--71},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, deterioration, models},
   abstract = {This paper presents and overview of deterioration models for bridges and systems.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_38,
   title = {A Review of Modeling Loading Uncertainty},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Y. K. Wen and D. A. Foutch and D. H. Tobias},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {72--77},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, fatigue, load models},
   abstract = {This paper covers different aspects of fatigue and load models in reference to railway bridges.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_39,
   title = {The Management of Bridges in New York City},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Bojidar Yanev},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {78--89},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, bridge management, deterioration model},
   abstract = {This paper gives an overview of bridge management in New York City.  It presents a deterioration model of condition ratings.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_4,
   ref_type = {inproceedings},
   author = {F Wollbold and J Neisecke},
   editor = {G Schickert and H Wiggenhauser},
   booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Symposium Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering (NDT-CE)},
   title = {Ultrasonic-impulse-echo-technique: Advantages of an Online-imaging Technique for the Inspection of Concrete},
   year = {1995},
   user_email = {kim},
   keywords = {censsis},
   url = {http://www.ndt.net/article/civil497/neisec/neisec.htm},
   area = {censsis},
}@inproceedings{reference_40,
   title = {The Effect of Unanticipated Structural Behavior on the Fatigue Reliability of Existing Steel Bridges},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Robert Dexter and John Fisher},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {90--102},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, steel, fatigue},
   abstract = {This paper explores different modeling techniques in reference to fatigue, including a 3D model.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_41,
   title = {Bridge Reliability in Denmark},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Palle Thoft-Christensen},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {103--108},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, concrete, system modeling},
   abstract = {This article touches on areas of improvement, systems and time models in reliability.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_42,
   title = {Bridge Reliability Experience in Korea},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Hyo-Nam Cho},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {115--126},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, fatigue, system modeling},
   abstract = {This paper mentions some techniques in system reliability such as Importance Sampling Techniques.  Different limit state functions are tabulated.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_43,
   title = {Bridge Reliability Experience in Spain},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Joan Casas},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {127--138},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, fatigue, load model, serviceability},
   abstract = {This paper gives an overview of the progress of bridge reliability in Spain.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_44,
   title = {Bridge Reliability Experience in Switzerland},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Simon Bailey and Eugene Bruhwiler and Manfred Hirt},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {139--149},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, fatigue, traffic load model},
   abstract = {This paper gives an overview of bridge reliability in Switzerland.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_45,
   title = {Accuracy of NDE in Bridge Assessment},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Michael Forde},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {162--171},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, NDT, NDE},
   abstract = {This paper presents some discussion on the accuracy of various NDT methods.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_46,
   title = {Fatigue Reliability Evaluation, Updating and Maintenance of Steel Bridges Using NDI},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Achintya Haldar and Zhenqwei Zhao},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {179--184},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, fatigue, NDI, NDE, NDT},
   abstract = {This paper presents reliability methods in reference to fatigue.  
Bayesian updating and NDT uncertainty are touched upon.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_47,
   title = {Time Varying Reliability Model of Steel Girder Bridges},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Chan-Hee Park and Andrzej Nowak},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {185--190},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, time model, steel, corrosion, load model, resistance model},
   abstract = {This paper presents a time model of a steel girder from a reliability point of view.  Corrosion is the deterioration mechanism that is modeled.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_48,
   title = {Fatigue Design Live Load of Steel Design Bridges},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Sang-Hyo Kim},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {191 -- 194},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, steel, fatigue, traffic load model},
   abstract = {This paper presents a traffic load model and also covers cumulative fatigue damage.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_49,
   title = {Probability-Based Cost Allocation of Bridge Fatigue Damage},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Jeffrey Laman and Thomas Boothby},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {207--212},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, steel, fatigue},
   abstract = {This paper offers a fatigue loading and reistance model along with a method of fatigue evaluation.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_5,
   ref_type = {inproceedings},
   author = {Michael Popel},
   editor = {G Schickert and H Wiggenhauser},
   booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Symposium Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering (NDT-CE)},
   title = {Combination of a Covermeter with a Radar System - an Improvement of Radar Application in Civil Engineering},
   year = {1995},
   user_email = {kim},
   keywords = {censsis},
   url = {http://www.ndt.net/article/civil497/hocht2/hocht2.htm},
   area = {censsis},
}@inproceedings{reference_50,
   title = {Fatigue Reliability of Existing Concrete Bridges},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Eugen Bruhwiler and Max Schlafli},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {221--226},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, concrete, fatigue},
   abstract = {This paper covers the concept of remaining fatigue life in reinforced concrete elements.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_51,
   title = {Reliability Assessment of Existing Concrete Bridges},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Dimitri V. Val and Robert Melchers},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {227--232},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, concrete, corrosion},
   abstract = {This paper presents a useful application of reliability to reinforced concrete.  There is use of a finite element nonlinear model.  Corrosion of reinforcement is the detererioration focused on.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_52,
   title = {Field Load Testing and Reliability-Based Integrity Assessment of Segmental PC Box Girder Bridges before Opening to Traffic},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Hyo-Nam Cho and Seung-Jae Lee and Young-Min Choi},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {233--238},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, concrete, proof load test},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_53,
   title = {Reliability Profiles for Concrete Bridges},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Palle Thoft-Christensen},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {239--244},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, concrete, corrosion, time models},
   abstract = {This paper presents a corrosion deterioration model as well as reliability profiles},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_54,
   title = {Probabilistic Response of Prestress Concrete Bridges to Fatigue},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Cesar Crespo-Minguillon and Joan Casas},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   pages = {245--250},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, relaibility, concrete, fatigue},
   abstract = {This paper presents a model for the fatigue tensional analysis of a partially prestressed concrete bridge in reference to fatigue assessment.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_55,
   title = {Reliability of Reinforced concrete Bridge Decks Subject to Cumulative Damage},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Thomas Boothby and  Jeffrey Laman and Andrew Scanlon},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {251--256},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, concrete, fatigue},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_56,
   title = {Reliability-Based Analysis of Degrading Reinforced Concrete Bridges},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Michael Enright and Dan Frangopol},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {257--263},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Compaines, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, concrete, corrosion},
   abstract = {This paper presents functions of material loss versus time for various degradation types.  It evaluates a concrete T beam for corrosion of reinforcement.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_57,
   title = {Adapted Reliability Models for Highway Bridges},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Gongkang Fu},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {279--284},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, live load model, proof load testing},
   abstract = {This paper presents two reliability models involving live load and proof load testing.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_58,
   title = {Reliability of Bridge Structural Systems},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Michel Ghosn and Fred Moses},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {Univeristy of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {285--290},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, system modeling},
   abstract = {This paper covers reliability systems modeling touching on the following: elastic versus inelastic, load redistribution, response surface method.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_59,
   title = {Calibrating the Service Limit States: The Next Step for The AASHTO Bridge Code},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Dennis Mertz and John Kulicki},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {291--294},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, codes, service limit state},
   abstract = {This paper raises some important calibration issues regarding the AASHTO bridge code.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_6,
   ref_type = {inproceedings},
   author = {R Jansohn and O Kroggel and M Ratmann},
   editor = {G Schickert and H Wiggenhauser},
   booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Symposium Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering (NDT-CE)},
   title = {Detection of Thickness, Voids, Honeycombs and Tendon Ducts Utilising Ultrasonic Impulse-Echo-Technique},
   year = {1995},
   user_email = {kim},
   keywords = {censsis},
   url = {http://www.ndt.net/article/civil497/kroggel/kroggel.htm},
   area = {censsis},
}@inproceedings{reference_60,
   title = {Reliability Based Bridge Inspection},
   booktitle = {Structural Reliability in Bridge Engineering},
   author = {Alexander Caso and Merhdad Soltani},
   address = {New York, New York, USA},
   editor = {Dan Frangopol and George Hearn},
   month = {oct},
   organization = {University of Colorado at Boulder},
   pages = {295--300},
   publisher = {The McGraw-Hill Companies,  inc.},
   year = {1996},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, corrosion, time model},
   abstract = {This paper presents an approach for determining time intervals between inspections.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_61,
   title = {Reliability Analysis - Past, Present and Future},
   booktitle = {8th ASCE Joint Specialty Conference on Probabilistic Mechanics and Structural Reliability},
   author = {Rudiger Rackwitz},
   address = {Reston, Virginia, USA},
   editor = {A. Kareem and A. Haldar and B. F. Spencer and E. A. Johnson},
   month = {jul},
   note = {This article available on CDROM},
   organization = {American Society of Civil Engineers},
   pages = {34},
   publisher = {ASCE},
   year = {2000},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability},
   abstract = {This paper comments on the FORM/SORM reliability methods and the so called improvements presented over the last decade.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_62,
   title = {Causes, Prediction and Prevention of Structural Failures: A State-of-the-Art Report},
   booktitle = {8th ASCE Joint Specialty Conference on Probabilistic Mechanics and Structural Reliability},
   author = {Rhamat Shoureshi and Amir Chaghadjerdi and Susan McCaffrey},
   address = {Reston, Virginia, USA},
   editor = {A. Kareem and A. Haldar and B. F. Spencer and E. A. Johnson},
   month = {jul},
   note = {This paper is available on CDROM},
   organization = {American Society of Civil Engineers},
   pages = {37},
   publisher = {ASCE},
   year = {2000},
   keywords = {structural, reliability},
   abstract = {This paper gives a general explanation on predicting and preventing structural failure.},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_63,
   title = {Regression and Bayesian Approaches to Shrinkage Prediction},
   booktitle = {8th ASCE Joint Specialty Conference on Probabilistic Mechanics and Structural Reliability},
   author = {M. Holicky and Z. P. Bazant},
   address = {Reston, Virginia, USA},
   editor = {A. Kareem and A. Haldar and B. F. Spencer and E. A. Johnson},
   month = {jul},
   note = {This paper is available on CDROM},
   organization = {American Society of Civil Engineers},
   pages = {38},
   publisher = {ASCE},
   year = {2000},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, concrete, shrinkage},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_64,
   title = {System Reliability Analysis of Steel Frames Considering Effect of Spread of Plasticity},
   booktitle = {8th ASCE Joint Specialty Conference on Probabilistic Mechnaics and Structural Reliability},
   author = {L. -J. Leu and S. -S. Yang},
   address = {Reston, Virginia, USA},
   editor = {A. Kareem and A. Haldar and B. F. Spencer and E. A. Johnson},
   month = {jul},
   note = {This paper is available on CDROM},
   organization = {American Society of Civil Engineers},
   pages = {41},
   publisher = {ASCE},
   year = {2000},
   keywords = {steel, system modeling},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_65,
   title = {A Parametric Study on the Response Surface Method},
   booktitle = {8th ASCE Joint Specialty Conference on Probabilistic Mechanics and Structural Reliability},
   author = {X. L. Guan and R. E. Melchers},
   address = {Reston, Virginia, USA},
   editor = {A. Kareem and A. Haldar and B. F. Spencer and  E. A. Johnson},
   month = {jul},
   note = {This paper is available on CDROM},
   organization = {American Society of Civil Engineers},
   pages = {42},
   publisher = {ASCE},
   year = {2000},
   keywords = {system modeling},
   abstract = {This paper compares the reliability methods of First Order Reliability Method (FORM), Response Surface Method (RSM) and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS).},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_66,
   title = {An Optimized Lifetime Reliability-Based Inspection Program for Deteriorating Structures},
   booktitle = {8th ASCE Joint Specialty Conference on Probabilistic Mechnaics and Structural Reliability},
   author = {Allen Estes and Dan Frangopol},
   address = {Reston, Virginia, USA},
   editor = {A. Kareem and A. Haldar and B. F. Spencer and E. A. Johnson},
   month = {jul},
   note = {This paper is available on CDROM},
   organization = {American Society of Civil Engineers},
   pages = {43},
   publisher = {ASCE},
   year = {2000},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, concrete, system modeling},
   user_email = {keary},
}
@inproceedings{reference_68,
   ref_type = {inproceedings},
   author = {M. Pendola and P. Hornet and A. Mohamed},
   editor = {A. Kareem and A. Haldar and B.F. Spencer and E. A. Johnson},
   booktitle = {8th ASCE Specialty Conference on Probabilistic Mechanics and Structural Reliability},
   title = {Proposition of Partial Safety Factors in Context of Statistical Uncertainties in Structural Reliability Analysis},
   year = {2000},
   user_email = {keary},
   month = {jul},
   keywords = {system modeling},
}@inproceedings{reference_7,
   ref_type = {inproceedings},
   author = {M Schickert},
   editor = {G Schickert and H Wiggenhauser},
   booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Symposium Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering (NDT-CE)},
   title = {Towards SAFT-Imaging in Ultrasonic Inspection of Concrete},
   year = {1995},
   user_email = {kim},
   keywords = {censsis},
   url = {http://www.ndt.net/article/civil497/mschic/mschic.htm},
   area = {censsis},
}@book{reference_8,
   ref_type = {book},
   editor = {Farhad Ansari},
   title = {Condition Monitoring of Materials and Structures},
   year = {2000},
   user_email = {kim},
   keywords = {Non-destructive testing, materials testing, detectors, bridges,censsis},
   area = {censsis},
}@inbook{reference_9,
   ref_type = {inbook},
   author = {Michel Ghosn},
   crossref = {reference_25},
   booktitle = {{Bridge Safety and Reliability}},
   chapter = {2},
   title = {Modeling of Bridge Dead and Live Loads},
   user_email = {keary},
   keywords = {bridge, reliability, concrete, deadloads, liveloads, fatigue},
   area = { },
}@inproceedings{reference_69,
   ref_type = {unpublished},
   author = {Sara Wadia-Fascetti and Saygin Ozgu and Masoud Sanayei},
   editor = {Fabio Casciati and Geroges Magonette},
   booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Structural Control},
   pages = {543--550},
   publisher = {World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.},
   title = {Controlling Modelling Error Impact in Structural Parameter Estimation},
   year = {2000},
   user_email = {alex},
   organization = {International Association of Structural Control (IASC)},
   keywords = {Model Error, Parameter Estimation, Weighting},
   abstract = {Modeling error, unlike measurement error, is a biased error.  A weighted parameter estimation procedure is proposed to improve estimates.},
   area = { },
}@inproceedings{reference_70,
   title = {Structural Parameter Estimation Using Modal Responses and Utilizing Genetic Algorithm},
   booktitle = {Advanced Technology in Structural Engineering.  Proceedings of the 2000 Congress & Exposition},
   author = {Behnam Arya and Masoud Sanayei},
   editor = {Mohamed Elgaaly},
   month = {May},
   note = {Located on CD in Snell Library},
   organization = {Structural Engineering Institute of ASCE},
   year = {2000},
   keywords = {Modeling, Nondestructive Testing, Parameter Estimation, Genetic Algorithm},
   abstract = {Compares genetic algorithm (GA) and multiple hill climbing (MHC) optimization methods for modal objective functions. Measurements are simulated - no measurement or modeling error.  A two page description of genetic algorithms is provided.  Three measurement scenarios are selected for a shear building.  GA always converged to the basin of the global minimum where as MHC may settle locally but provides more a accurate minimum.  Recommends switching from GA to HC after converging in global minimum to obtain best solution.},
   area = { },
   user_email = {alex},
}@article{reference_71,
   title = {Parameter Estimation Incorporating Modal Data and Boundary Conditions},
   author = {Masoud Sanayei and Jennifer A. S. McClain and Sara Wadia-Fascetti and Erin M. Santini},
   journal = {Journal of Structural Engineering},
   month = {September},
   number = {9},
   pages = {1048--1055},
   volume = {125},
   year = {1999},
   keywords = {Modal Testing,Modeling,Models,Nondestructive Testing,Parameter Estimation,Partially Restrained,Soil-Substructure},
   abstract = {A modal stiffness-based error function is introduced that uses natural frequencies and incomplete mode shapes for parameter estimation.
Two elements are introduced for use with parameter estimation as well.  The first is a soil-superstructure element that is limited to the elastic domain.  The second is a partially restrained frame element that consists of a typical frame element with an internal rotational spring.
The use of the error function and elements are demonstrated on a simulated bridge example where no modeling error is present.},
   area = { },
   user_email = {alex},
}@article{reference_72,
   title = {Structural Damage Detection and Assessment from Modal Response},
   author = {T. Pothisiri and K. D. Hjelmstad},
   journal = {Journal of Engineering Mechanics},
   month = {February},
   number = {2},
   pages = {135--145},
   volume = {129},
   year = {2003},
   keywords = {Modal Testing,Nondestructive Testing,Parameter Estimation,global damage detection},
   abstract = {This paper uses a global detection algorithm to locate one or more damaged members in a structure.  Modeling error is not considered and measurement error is simulated.  A subset of available measured degrees of freedom to reduce measurement error is selected at each stage of localization.  Random starting points within a defined space are selected for gradient based optimization.  A numerical example with different levels of measurement error is conducted on a two-dimensional bridge truss.},
   area = { },
   user_email = {alex},
}@article{reference_73,
   title = {Significance of Modeling Error in Structural Parameter Estimation},
   author = {Masoud Sanayei and Sara Wadia-Fascetti and Behnam Arya and Erin M. Santini},
   journal = {Computer-Aided and Infrastructure Engineering},
   pages = {12--27},
   volume = {16},
   year = {2001},
   keywords = {Modal Testing,Model Error,Nondestructive Testing,Parameter Estimation},
   abstract = {Four error functions - two static and two modal - are introduced and compared in the presence of modeling error for parameter estimation.  No measurement error is present.  The two examples used to illustrate the error functions are a frame and a bridge bent.  The paper concludes that stiffness based error functions are better than flexibility based error functions in the presence of modeling error.},
   area = { },
   user_email = {alex},
}@inproceedings{reference_74,
   title = {Modal Analysis as a Bridge Health Monitoring Tool},
   booktitle = {Advanced Technology in Structural Engineering - Proceedings of the 2000 Structures Congress & Exposition},
   author = {F. Necati Catbas and A. Emin Aktan},
   editor = {Mohamed Elgaaly},
   month = {May},
   note = {On CD in Snell Library Section 37, Chapter 4},
   organization = {Structural Engineering Institute of ASCE},
   year = {2000},
   keywords = {Bridge Management,Nondestructive Testing,Parameter Estimation},
   abstract = {Summary of knowledge gained from extensive tests on three span bridge and includes description of one test and outcome.  Modal techniques used for parameter estimation.  Concludes that dynamic tests can provide information on the condition of the structure.},
   area = { },
   user_email = {alex},
}@article{reference_75,
   title = {Assessment of Highway Bridge Upgrading by Dynamic Testing and Finite-Element Model Updating},
   author = {James Mark William Brownjohn and Pilate Moyo and Piotr Omenzetter and Yong Lu},
   journal = {Journal of Bridge Engineering},
   month = {May/June},
   number = {3},
   pages = {162--172},
   volume = {8},
   year = {2003},
   keywords = {Bridges,Modal Testing,Nondestructive Testing,Parameter Estimation,Frequency Response Functions, Modal Assurance Criterion, Eigensystem Realization Algorithm, Normalized Relative Sensitivities},
   abstract = {This paper demonstrates modal updating in a convenient cost-effective manner on a short span bridge.  Modal updating was carried out before and after upgrading the bridge deck.},
   area = { },
   user_email = {alex},
}